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    • Following Duncan as a ritualized

    2021-02-24

    Following Duncan (1995), as a ritualized site Tyne Cot provides an opportunity for individual tourists to conduct their own acts of remembrance (Edensor, 2000, Iles, 2006). The analysis has also shown that individual acts of writing particular words and phrases in the visitor books are socially shared, and together they form a linguistic ritual. It is this sharing through ritual that binds people together to create the meaning of Tyne Cot. According to Bell (1992, p. 20) Durkheim’s view was that ritual is “the means by which collective beliefs and ideals are simultaneously generated, experienced, and affirmed as real by the community”. While some national preferences were evident, it was also clear that national affiliation was not the primary criteria through which tourists shared the ritual of Tyne Cot. This is not meant to suggest that the sacrifice of those nations whose countrymen lie in the cemetery is lessened, but rather that the sharing of ritual acts heightens the global experience of war, thus creating a cosmopolitan memory as Levy and Sznaider (2002) suggest. Although many papers have mentioned visitor book comments at war cemeteries, few studies have comprehensively analyzed those books. It is hoped that this analysis at Tyne Cot may assist future research and provide a methodological framework for comparisons with other sites. Visitor books have enormous potential for revealing tourist experiences, but because only a small proportion of people write in them, onsite interviews and surveying are also needed. For example, the CWGC (2014b) has recently established a virtual cemetery visitation page on its web site, and given the results found here, online sites may elicit a different sentiment. Bell (2009, p. 92) writes that “[S]ince practice is situational and strategic, people engage in ritualization as a practical way of dealing with some specific circumstances. Ritual is never simply or solely a Fomepizole sale of routine, habit, or ‘the dead weight of tradition’”. Although the tourists at Tyne Cot wrote in short and simple phrases, their comments reflected a deep and underlying concern to pay tribute to the men buried in the cemetery and named on its walls. The phrases analyzed here are those which any self-respecting battlefield guide, historian or regular visitor would probably be able to list as the most frequently occurring VBE, and this reflects the stable nature of the social memory encoded to the Great War cemeteries, and at Tyne Cot, it is rehearsed and shared through linguistic ritual.
    Acknowledgements
    Introduction The Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program has been one of the most successful NASA programs of the last decade, yielding two commercial resupply vehicles and adding two new launchers to the US fleet in a much shorter time than NASA alone could, with a cost reduction of 20 to 1 [1]. These two vehicles now routinely resupply the ISS with both pressurized and unpressurized cargo, and one of the launchers, the Falcon 9, has established a strong presence in the global commercial launch market and is revolutionizing the launch industry with lower launch costs and reusability efforts. The successor of the COTS program, the Commercial Crew Program (CCP), is funding the development of two commercial crew vehicles for a much lower cost and shorter time than NASA's own efforts with Orion and SLS [2]. Both vehicles are expected to fly their demonstration missions in 2017, thus ending the American reliance on Russia to take crew to the ISS that was created with the retirement of the Shuttle in 2011. The success of these programs shows the potential for private-public partnerships (PPPs) to reduce cost and risk in space activities, enabling affordable human access to space, and expanding the economic sphere of humanity into low Earth orbit (LEO). In order to expand humanity's economic sphere even further, the Lunar Commercial Orbital Transfer Services (LCOTS) program is being proposed by the same team that created COTS. This program aims to demonstrate and enter into operation cislunar capabilities, while reducing risks and life-cycle costs for Mars missions [1]. The ideal output of the LCOTS program is an array of commercial companies that can provide affordable access to the Moon's surface, and deliver its resources (namely, propellant) to cislunar space for other space applications. When the LCOTS program is complete, Earth's economic sphere will include the Moon and its riches.