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  • The aim of the following work

    2021-04-20

    The aim of the following work was to untap the potential of DIS as a low-cost substrate for fungal production of lignocellulolytic enzymes via SSF. Fungal strains with the ability to transform the unpretreated DIS to a mixture of industrially relevant lignocellulases were identified. Furthermore, the composition, production dynamics and performance of the extracted enzymes were studied in detail in the most promising of the tested strains (P. ostreatus PLAB). The advantages of lignocellulolytic enzymes production on DIS and their applications in different industries is also discussed from a perspective of cleaner production.
    Materials and methods
    Results and discussion
    Conclusions Enzymes production for lignocellulose degradation is currently a cost intensive process and utilises fresh water and nutrients which in turn results in additional waste stream generation. If combined with efficient and robust microbial enzyme producers, lignocellulosic wastes have an enormous potential for developing a sustainable chemical and Penciclovir industry as the most inexpensive feedstock among all the renewable resources. The results of our study have shown that the deinking paper sludge represents a suitable feedstock for the production of lignocelulolytic enzymes by selected Pleurotus strains. The selected strains exhibited outstanding ability to transform untreated and unsterilized DIS to a mixture of alkali-stable enzymes (mainly with endoglucanase, xyalanase and particularly high laccase activities). Production of lignocellulases from unsterilized DIS by SSF should therefore be considered at an industrial level to add value to the major waste stream of paper industry by reducing waste disposal, costs associated with the disposal of wastes to landfill sites and by yielding high value enzymes suitable for application in biorefinery, paper and pulp, detergent and textile industries. Further research should be done to analyse (anticipated positive) effects of the process on the levels and bioavailability of environmental pollutants potentially present in DIS. In addition, the enzymes production should be further optimized and process conditions fine-tuned to increase the yield and productivity of individual enzymes and the cocktail. Major advantages of this process such as less water usage, less energy usage and reduced waste disposal should be studied in detail for its energy, economic and environment benefits.
    Acknowledgements This research was supported by Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS). We thank prof. R. Marinšek Logar for helpful advice, Dr. T. Kranjc for help with data management, N. Vrhovnik and G. Lavrič for technical help with preliminary growth experiments and dr. J. Burkeljca for help with graphics.
    Introduction Devices allowing simple and rapid screening tests are preferable for preliminary diagnosis in resource-limited areas or when timely equipment is unavailable [[1], [2], [3], [4]]. Conventional testing devices are mostly configured with a series of two-dimensional microfluidic components, and the construction of which relies on delicate fabrication processes and skills [[4], [5], [6], [7]]. Recently, additive manufacturing (three-dimensional printing; 3DP) technologies have enabled rapid laboratory-scale customization of 3D objects for designed experiments [[7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17]]. For example, Jue et al. used a material-jetting 3D printer to rapidly prototype a single-use, disposable interlock meter–mix device for sample-to-device metering and lysing of clinical urine samples [18]. Chan et al. developed a toolkit for actuating fluid within 3D-printed chips with torque or rotary-actuated pumps and valves, thereby allowing measurements of protein levels in spiked artificial urine samples [19]. Paterson et al. presented a 3D-printed smartphone-based photoluminescence imaging platform employing luminescent nanophosphor reporters for the highly sensitive detection of human chorionic gonadotropin levels in a lateral flow assay [20]. Thus, 3DP technologies are accelerating the technical innovations required to develop diverse screening devices, due to their great capability to simplify the manufacturing of designed multilayer devices [[4], [5], [6], [7]].